A 3D geometric morphometric study of great scale and breadth, Para\doxes involves the generation and inclusion of hundreds of cranio-mandibular remains. We will create new high-resolution 3D models (surface scans and photogrammetry) from robust australopithecine specimens originating from various African sites. Existing 3D models from historic great ape and modern human specimens also feature in analyses for comparative purposes. 

Our processing technique combines fixed and semi landmarks, to enable greater quantification and accurately capture shape along curves and surfaces that lack distinct homologous points. Machine learning algorithms then create an alternate way of exploring variability, with statistical evaluation as a basis for improved physical interpretation.